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: Skeptical Inquirer magazine
: September/October 1995 : Buy this back issue
Mystical Medical Alternativism
Hundreds of mystical or supernaturalistic health treatment methods have been
advanced in recent decades. Here are 31 of them.
Jack Raso
The term alternativism, which I coined last year, refers to a motley
accumulation of movements whose central thesis seems to be: faith,
based on common sense, subjective experience, or revelation preempts
rational understanding. Medical alternativism is composed of three
divisions that overlap one another:
- alternative healthcare;
- occult medicine; and
- sectarian religious "healing."
The dominant division, alternative healthcare, is a phantasmagoria of
systems and methods. Its doctrines posit numerous forms of energy
alien to physics; and its overall aims are to make health science a
sham and to desecularize healthcare.
The major distinctions of alternative healthcare, vis-a-vis
establishmentarian (science-oriented) healthcare, include runaway
cross-pollination and a lack of constructive infighting. Since the
late 1950s, more than 650 health-related methods-i.e., free-standing
methods, multimethod systems, component methods, and general
"approaches" that I consider mystical or supernaturalisne-have been
subjects of uncritical public discourse (most since 1980).
Broadly, mysticism is belief in realities accessible only through
subjective experience. Supernaturalism is belief in entities or forces
that are outside of; yet affect, the universe. The vast majority of
the systems and methods of alternative healthcare are mystical or
super- naturalistic. It may be cavalier to judge methods solely on the
basis of the theories that underlie them, the methods' contexts, their
histories, and the credibility or implausibility of claims for the
methods. However, such information furnishes valuable clues,
especially when pertinent scientific findings are nonexistent, meager,
or discrepant.
Alternative healthcare is a "melting pot" of religion, occultism,
folklore, parapsychology; pop psychology; pseudoscience, and medical
guesswork. It overflows with theoretical rubbish. In the sprawling,
animistic "enchanted forest" of medical alternativism, ideas run
hog-wild, words have magical power, illness ("dis-ease") is an
educational opportunity, the impossible is a challenge, wishful
thinking is industry; faith is the ticket, and death is a
transition.
Below I describe some alternativist methods that are mystical or
supernaturalistic.
- Advanced Pranic Healing:
- Subject of a "serious reference work" of the same name, written
by chemical engineer and "Master Pranic Healer" Choa Kok
Sui. The method allegedly uses "color pranas" and "chakral"
techniques to effect "very rapid healing." It includes "divine
healing." Sui is also the author of the bestseller Pranic
Healing (1990) and his companion piece, Pranic
Psychotherapy (1993). (See
"Pranic psychotherapy," below.)
- Alternative 12 Steps:
- Nontheistic and purportedly secular variation of the Twelve
Steps. The Twelve Steps - e.g., "[We] came to believe that a
Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity" - are
the basis of such programs as Alcoholics Anonymous. In The
Alternative 12 Steps (1991), Martha Cleveland, Ph.D., a
self-styled atheist/agnostic, and Arlys G., a longtime atheist,
define the Twelve Steps as "a program for living, a program of
action fueled by spiritual energy" that suggests "a system of
holistic healing -- a practical system of action integrating
"mind, body and spirit." Three of the authors' "Steps"
affirmatively mention "spiritual resources" or "spiritual energy."
- Bach flower therapy
(Bach flower essence method, Bach flower essence system):
- Quasi-homeopathic system of pseudodiagnosis and pseudotherapy
developed in the 1930s by British physician Fdward Bach
(1886-1936). (See Lynn McCutcheon, "Bach Flower Remedies: Time
to Stop Smelling the Flowers?" SI,
July-August 1995.) Bach put
forth his philosophy in Heal Thyself: An Explanation of the
Real Cause and Cure of Disease, first published in 1931.
Therein he described five "fundamental truths":
- Souls, invincible and immortal sparks of the "Almighty,"
are the "real," "Higher" selves of humans.
- Humanity's purpose is to develop virtues and wipe out
all intrapersonal wrongs. Souls know what circumstances
conduce to the perfection of human narure.
- One's lifetime is a minuscule part of one's evolution.
- When one's "Soul" and personality are "in harmony," one
is healthy and happy. The straying of the personality
from the dictates of the "Soul" is the "root cause" of
disease and unhappiness.
- The "Creator of all things" is "Love," and everything of
which humans are conscious manifests the "Creator."
Bach held that disease was essentially beneficial and that its
design was to subject the personality to the "Divine will" of
the "Soul." Supposedly, he "psychically" discovered the
specific "healing" effects of 38 wildflowers. The "life force"
("soul quality" or "energy wavelength") of each of these
flowers allegedly is transferable to water and thence to
humans. Each of the so-called Bach flower remedies is a liquid
that supposedly contains a "soul quality" with an affinity to a
human "soul quality"; and each vegetable "soul quality"
allegedly harmonizes its human counterpart with the "Soul." The
bases of classical "diagnosis" are conversation and
intuition. Administration of the "remedies" is usually oral but
may be external.
- Biological Immunity Analysis(TM) (BIA,
Biological Immunity System(TM)):
- Companion to nutripathy developed by
Gary A. Martin, D.N., Ph.D., Th.D., D.Sc. BIA, is a "complete
holistic system" whose centerpiece is purported
deciphering, with the Biological Immunity CompuSystem(TM),
of "Physical-Mental Emotional frequencies" in specimens of
urine and saliva. It allegedly reveals the donor's "Soul
Pattern" ("the pattern inherent in your Soul," "a gift
from God").
- BioSonic Repatterning(TM):
- System that encompasses cymatics and toning. Cymatics is
"the science of wave phenomena. Cymatic therapy is an
acupressurelike method wherein devices send "beneficial"
sound through the skin. Its purported objective is to
reestablish "healthy resonance in tissues. Toning is a
vocal method that supposedly brings new "life energy" to
"inhibited" or "unbalanced" parts of the body. BioSonic
Repatterning also involves using "bija mantras" ("healing
mantras" that purportedly activate "elemental energy
qualities") and tuning forks (to produce "Balance," which
is supposedly the "natural state" of humans).
- Blood crystalization
(diagnostic blood crystallization):
- Pseudodiagnostic method involving the introduction of a
blood sample to a copper chloride solution. "Crystal signs"
of illness in the resultant "blood-crystal picture"
allegedly express the guidance of "a higher functional
plane coming to expression." "Organ-signs," for exampIe,
purportedly indicate dysfunction of an organ or a bodily
system. Supposedly, each so-called organ-sign reflects a
"multilayered organ principle" (which includes "the
organ-bound soul organ"') and, on "the psychic plane," is
the foundation for related "soul qualities."
- Child Energy Flow:
- "Treatment" reportedly invented by Masato Nakagawa, Ph.D.,
the founder of shinkiko (see below). It
allegedly relieves discomfort and pain by improving "energy
flow."
- The Clean-Me Out Program(TM):
- Neo-Christian system of "self-healing" developed
principally by Richard Anderson, N.D., N.M.D. Two herbal
supplements constitute its foundation: Chomper whose 11
herbs include cascara sagrada (a laxative) and lobelia
(ingestion of which is risky); and Herbal Nutrition whose
10 herbs indude alfalfa, comfrey (which is poisonous),
horsetail (a weak diuretic), and licorice root. Besides
these and other supplements, the program involves enemas
and avoiding intake of meat and dairy products. In the
fourth (second revised) edition of Cleanse and Purify
Thyself (1994), Anderson states that "cooked, frozen,
canned and processed foods . . . drain the life force from
the body." In Chapter 9, he describes "a profound Divine
experience" wherein a female "Divine Being" filled him
with "information." He states that purification is a
"guaranteed entrance" into heaven and that people who are
willing to purity themselves "shall have the help of God's
mightiest messengers and, if necessary legions of angelic
beings.
- Colorpuncture(TM) (colorpuncture
system, Osho esogetic colorpuncture system):
- Combination of "Energy Emission analysis" (Kirlian
photography) and a form of color therapy. German
naturopath Peter Mandel, who developed "esogetics" (see
below), named the system. "Treatment" involves
application of colored light, with a device that resembles
a penlight, to acupuncture receptors in the skin.
According to colorpuncture theory, color is "life energy"
that carries "healing information," and acupuncture
meridians convey this information to the cells and organs
that need it.
- Dimensional Clearing:
- "Process" allegedly designed to clear the human "energy
field" of "external elements" that are not part of the
self; such as "Lost Souls," "Thought Forms," and
"fragments" of other people.
- Directed Esoteric Toning:
- Form of toning (see "BioSonic
Repatterning," above) that
posits a "spiritual self;" chakras, prana, kundalini,
clairaudience, and clairvoyance.
- Esogetics:
- System developed and named by German naturopath Peter
Mandel and practiced at the Mandel Institute in Bruchsal,
Germany. It reportedly is the "science of bio-energy,"
whose "levels" range from the material to the
esoteric. One of the premises of esogetics is that colored
light transmitted by acupuncture meridians tends to heal
specific forms of disease and dysfunction.
- Flower Essence Therapy:
- Enlargement of Bach flower
therapy (see above) pioneered
in the 1970s by Richard Katz, who founded in 1979 the
Flower Essence Society (FES). The system involves
purported intake of "flower essences" -- "subtle liquid
extracts" whose alleged active ingredients are "life
forces" from wildflowers or "pristine" garden blossoms.
- Harner Method Sharnanic Counseling (HMSC):
- Admixture of classic shamanism and the work of author
Michael Harner, Ph.D., founder and director of the
Foundation for Shamanic Studies. The purported thrust of
HMSC is problem-solving by divination. Supposedly,
practitioners ("ordinary reality HMSC counselors") serve
merely as facilitators, and sacred teachers in
"nonordinary reality" are the "real" counselors.
- Healing Touch:
- 'A way of moving energy around" manually, according to a
1995 edition of "The Other Side." Therein, an alleged
beneficiary of the method stated: "It feels like having a
complete massage without being touched." The method posits
an "energy field."
- HealthWatchers System(TM):
- "Specialized application" of Biological Immunity
Analysis(TM) (see above) to weight management. Its
centerpiece is the HealthWatchers Analysis(TM), a purported
test of urine and saliva for "the physical and emotional
frequency" of an individual's "Stress Pattern."
HealthWatchers SystemŽ, a mail-order house in
Scottsdale, Arizona, defines "Stress Pattern" as "the
resistance created by People, Places, Circumstances and
Events attracted to you because they are opposed to your
Soul Pattern"; "Soul Pattern" as "the pattern inherent in
your Soul. . . . the point-of-view from which you are able
to see and express life when you are free from your
"Stress Pattern"; and "Soul" as "the immortal, spiritual,
moral or emotional nature of a human being."
- Ho'oponopono:
- Reputed ancient Hawaiian process whose alleged main
purpose is discovery of the "Divinity" within oneself.
Apparently, this supposedly enables removal of "the
internal cause" of stress. The method purportedly:
"releases" problems and "blocks" that cause "imbalance,"
stress, and "disease" in "the self"; brings peace and
"balance" through a physical, mental, and spiritual
"cleansing" that involves repentance and "transmutation";
and creates "balance," freedom, love, peace, and wisdom
within individuals (and other social entities) and the
"Universe." According to the Foundation of I, Inc., in
Mamaroneck, New York, Ho'oponopono "can be used for
animate and inanimate objects" and "on any problem or
situation."
- Johrei:
- Supposedly purificatory method that defines the Johrei
Fellowship, a worldwide interfaith association with a
center in Manhattan. Purportedly, sessions take about 20
minutes, do not entail physical contact, and are always
free of charge. The term Johrei also refers to a
paradisiacal doctrine and to an alleged something that,
through the focusing of "Divine Light," naturally eases
physical and mental distress. Japanese businessman Mokichi
Okada founded the movement in 1935. Okada allegedly had
learned "God's Divine Plan" for the "New Age" through a
series of divine revelations. Johrei's principles include
the "Law of Purification," which holds that sickness is
simply "Nature's" way of restoring health, and the "Law of
Spiritual Affinity," which holds that innumerable
"spiritual cords" dominate human existence. Another
principle is that one's health and material resources are
functions of one's "spiritual condition."
- Karuna reiki (formerly called Sai
Baba reiki):
- Form of reiki named and taught by "Reiki Master" William
Lee Rand. Rand is the author of Reiki, The Healing Touch;
founder of the Center for Reiki Training in Southfield,
Michigan; and editor-in-chief of Reiki News, a quarterly
published by the center. Reiki is a variant of the laying
on of hands. The Reiki Handbook (1992) describes it as a
"healing art" whereby therapists channel reiki, "universal
life energy power," through their bodies for storage in
the solar plexus, and into "dis-eased" individuals for
"rebalancmg." The Sanskrit word karuna is translatable as
"compassionate action. The purported focus of karuna
reiki is development of karuna.
- Laserpuncture:
- Technique involving application of a laser beam to acupuncture
points.
- Mentalphysics:
- Purported practical, wholistic, futuristic science and
"super yoga" founded in 1927 by the Reverend Edwin
J. Dingle, an English journalist and publisher who died in
1972. Mentalphysics supposedly brings out the "hidden
meaning" of the Bible and reportedly involves "astral
travel"; aura reading ("aura study"); chanting; jin shin
jyutsu (a variant of shiatsu); medication (including
guided meditation); pranayama ("deep scientific breathing
exercises"); "pranic therapy" (a variant of channeling);
reflexology; shiatsu; and individualization of diet
according to "chemical type."
- Nutripathy:
- "A religious science of experiencing mental, financial,
physical, social and spiritual health using specific
universal laws," according to Nutripathy . . . The Key to
Your Prosperity, Success and Spiritual Fulfillment
(1984). Gary A. Martin, D.N., Ph.D., Th.D., D.Sc.,
originated the system in the late 1970s, allegedly thanks
to divine influence. It involves hair analysis ("mineral
analysis from hair") and a variation of Bach flower therapy (see
above). Its premises include the following:
- God is in everyone.
- One's "True Self" is God ("Love").
- "Proper nutrition" and realization of one's "true
identity" together make for a perfect life.
- Pranic Psychotherapy:
- Application of pranic healing to
psychological ailments.
Pranic healing is a form of "paranormal healing" promoted
by Dr. Choa Kok Sui. It posits chakras, meridians
("bioplasmic channels"), and an "energy body" that
consists of an "inner aura, an outer aura," and a "health
aura." Pranic psychotherapy includes four "healing
techniques" besides those of pranic healing:
- an "advanced cleansing technique," purportedly for
the removal and disintegration of "traumatic
psychic energy" and such;
- an "advanced form of energizing," purportedly for
the disintegration of "negative elementals" ("bad
spirits") and the repair of "etheric webs" that lie
in a one-to-one relation behind chakras;
- activation and inhibition of chakras; and
- creation of a "positive thought entity" for the
patient.
In Pranic Psychotherapy (1993), Sui states:
"Flicking your hand has to be done frequently when
energizing in order to efficiently eliminate dirty
energy."
- Rei-So (Spiritual Diagnosis):
- Pseudodiagnostic method whose apparent main premise is
that dead people, in the form of spirits (interpretable as
consciousness, energy, or vibration), can influence living
people who had an intimate relationship with them.
Supposedly, spirits create darkness in the "auras" of
people they are affecting negatively.
- Shinkiko:
- Allegedly "the ultimate healing art from Japan, an
intuitive medical science" founded by Masato Nakagawa,
Ph.D. Similar to Qigong, shinkiko purportedly involves
therapeutic application of Shin-ki ("healing-energy").
Supposedly, Shinkiko "therapists" can tap a "limitless
universal energy source." Proponents recommend the system
for many health problems, including AIDS, cancer,
cholecystitis, cirrhosis, deafness, glaucoma, hepatitis,
and nephritis.
- Sonopuncture:
- Technique involving application of ultrasound to classical
acupuncture points.
- Spiritual Midwifery:
- Childbearing philosophy promoted by Ina May Gaskin in her
book of the same name. It posits "spiritual energy" that
is "Holy," indivision of humanity ("We are all One"),
shakti (divine female "energy"), and God. Moreover, it
euphemizes contractions as energy rushes" and postulates
that "a husband and wife form a single energy unit."
- Stress Pattern Processing:
- "Modality" whose centerpiece is the Health Watchers
Analysis(TM) (see "
Health Watchers System" above). One of
its premises is that humans are electrically driven
spiritual beings.
- Subtle Aromatherapy:
- Form of vibrational healing (see " Vibrational medicine,"
below) promoted by Patricia Davis in her book of the same
name. "Aromatherapy" refers to any application of
essential oils that is purportedly for beauty or
health. Essential oils allegedly can restore "balance" and
"harmony" not only to one's body but also to one's
life. "Subtle aromatherapy" refers to any use of essential
oils with the purported objective of
- healing the "physical body" by affecting the
"subtle body" ("energetic body"), or
- contributing to personal and spiritual growth.
- Swedish-Esalen:
- A "light/relaxing" and "nurturing" form of massage. It
allegedly reintegrates the body and soul.
- Vibrational medicine
(vibrational healing, energy medicine, subtle-energy medicine):
- "Healing philosophy" whose main tenet is that humans are
"dynamic energy systems ("body/mind/spirit" complexes)
that reflect evolutionary patterns of soul growth." Its
premises include the following:
- Health and illness originate in "subtle energy
systems."
- These systems coordinate the "life-force" and the
"physical body."
- Emotions, spirituality, and nutritional and
environmental factors affect the "subtle energy
systems."
Vibrational medicine embraces:
About the Author
Jack Raso is the author of Mystical Diets: Paranormal, Spiritual, and
Occult Nutrition Practices (Prometheus Books, 1993) and Alternative Healthcare: A Comprehensive
Guide (Prometheus Books, 1994). He is co-editor of Nutrition
Forum newsletter and a board member of the National Council Against Healh Fraud.
Related Information
For a listing of more than one thousand additional
methods, refer to the following document by Jack
Raso on the American Council on Science and Health
web site:
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